Introduction
- Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection, most common in young children but can affect individuals of any age.
- It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
- The condition typically presents as red sores that rupture, ooze, and form a honey-colored crust.
- Effective treatment includes good hygiene, topical or oral antibiotics, and preventive measures to reduce spread.
Types of Impetigo
- Non-Bullous Impetigo
- Most common form.
- Small red sores that develop into crusted patches.
- Bullous Impetigo
- Characterized by large, fluid-filled blisters.
- More common in infants and young children.
- Ecthyma
- A more severe form that penetrates deeper into the skin.
- Can cause ulceration and scarring.
Causes of Impetigo
- Bacterial Infection
- Staphylococcus aureus: Most common cause.
- Streptococcus pyogenes: Less common but may lead to complications.
- Skin Trauma
- Minor cuts, insect bites, or scratches that allow bacteria to enter.
- Risk Factors
- Crowded living conditions.
- Poor hygiene.
- Warm, humid climates.
- Skin conditions like eczema or dermatitis.
Symptoms of Impetigo
- Non-Bullous Impetigo
- Red sores around the nose, mouth, hands, or other exposed areas.
- Honey-colored crusts after sores burst.
- Bullous Impetigo
- Fluid-filled blisters that enlarge before bursting.
- Leave behind a yellowish crust or raw red skin.
- General Symptoms
- Itching and discomfort.
- Rarely, fever or swollen lymph nodes in severe cases.
Complications of Impetigo
- Cellulitis: Deeper skin infection that may require urgent treatment.
- Scarlet Fever: Caused by Streptococcus bacteria.
- Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis: Rare kidney complication following Streptococcal impetigo.
- Spread to Others: Highly contagious, particularly among children in close contact.
Diagnosis of Impetigo
- Clinical Examination
- Visual inspection of characteristic lesions.
- Laboratory Tests (if needed)
- Swab and Culture: Confirms bacterial cause and checks antibiotic sensitivity.
- PCR Testing: Identifies specific bacterial strains.
Treatment Options for Impetigo
1. Topical Antibiotics
Medication | Brand Name | Manufacturer | Cost Range |
---|---|---|---|
Mupirocin | Bactroban | GSK | $10–$30 per tube |
Retapamulin | Altabax | GSK | $20–$50 per tube |
Fusidic Acid | Fucidin | Leo Pharma | $10–$20 per tube |
- Applied directly to the affected area for mild to moderate cases.
2. Oral Antibiotics
Medication | Brand Name | Manufacturer | Cost Range |
---|---|---|---|
Cephalexin | Keflex | Eli Lilly | $15–$40 per course |
Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Augmentin | GSK | $20–$50 per course |
Clindamycin | Cleocin | Pfizer | $25–$60 per course |
- Used for widespread or severe infections.
3. Supportive Care
- Hygiene Measures
- Wash affected areas gently with soap and water.
- Avoid touching or scratching lesions to prevent spread.
- Pain Relief
- Paracetamol or ibuprofen for associated discomfort.
Prevention of Impetigo
- Personal Hygiene
- Frequent handwashing with soap.
- Keeping nails short and clean.
- Avoid Sharing Personal Items
- Towels, clothing, or bedding.
- Treat Minor Skin Injuries
- Clean and cover cuts or insect bites promptly.
- Isolate the Infected Individual
- Avoid close contact until lesions heal.
Monitoring Parameters
- Resolution of lesions within 7–10 days of treatment.
- Absence of fever or spreading infection.
- Monitor for complications like cellulitis or kidney issues.
Patient Counseling Points
- Explain the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics.
- Encourage frequent handwashing to prevent spread.
- Advise avoiding scratching or picking at sores to reduce scarring risk.
- Discuss proper hygiene practices for household contacts to prevent transmission.
Use in Children
- Commonly affects children; prioritize topical treatments for mild cases.
Use in Pregnancy
- Topical antibiotics are preferred. Consult a doctor before using oral antibiotics.
Use in Elderly
- Monitor for underlying conditions that may delay healing, such as diabetes.
FAQs About Impetigo
Q1: What causes impetigo?
- Bacterial infection by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
Q2: Is impetigo contagious?
- Yes, highly contagious through direct contact or contaminated items.
Q3: How is impetigo treated?
- With topical or oral antibiotics and good hygiene.
Q4: Can adults get impetigo?
- Yes, though it is more common in children.
Q5: How long does impetigo last?
- Symptoms resolve in 7–10 days with treatment.
Q6: Can impetigo cause scars?
- Non-bullous impetigo rarely scars; severe cases of ecthyma may leave scars.
Q7: How can I prevent impetigo from spreading?
- Practice good hygiene, avoid scratching, and keep lesions covered.
Q8: Can I treat impetigo at home?
- Mild cases may be managed with hygiene and topical antibiotics, but severe cases require medical attention.
Q9: What are the symptoms of impetigo?
- Red sores, blisters, and honey-colored crusts.
Q10: Can impetigo recur?
- Yes, particularly if hygiene practices are poor or in crowded conditions.
Q11: Is impetigo serious?
- Usually mild, but complications like cellulitis can occur if untreated.
Q12: Should I keep my child home from school?
- Yes, until 24–48 hours after starting antibiotic treatment.
Q13: Are there home remedies for impetigo?
- Proper hygiene is crucial, but medical treatment is necessary for complete resolution.
Q14: Can pets transmit impetigo?
- Rarely, but pets can carry bacteria that may contribute to infections.
Q15: When should I see a doctor?
- If symptoms worsen, spread, or do not improve within a few days of treatment.