Mechanism of Action: Increases insulin production from the pancreas, leading to improved blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes patients.
Indications
Primary Use: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve blood glucose control.
Other Uses: Sometimes used in combination with other antidiabetic medications or diet and exercise to achieve better glycemic control.
Dosage
Adults: Initial dose is typically 5 mg orally once a day, 30 minutes before breakfast. Adjustments are made based on the patient’s response and blood sugar levels, up to a maximum of 40 mg per day.
Elderly: Start at a lower dose to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.
Children: Not recommended for use in children.
Administration
Method: Oral intake.
Precautions: Should be taken 30 minutes before a meal to ensure that it works by the time food is being digested, increasing insulin availability.
Common: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and diarrhea.
Less Common: Dizziness, headache, skin reactions.
Rare but Serious: Hepatic porphyria, severe hypoglycemic reactions, hematologic changes.
Warnings
Black Box Warning: None.
Contraindications: Known hypersensitivity to glipizide or any other sulfonylurea, diabetic ketoacidosis, and in patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment.
Precautions
General: Closely monitor blood glucose levels to avoid hypoglycemia. Be aware that stress, illness, surgery, exercise, alcohol use, or skipping meals can affect blood sugar levels.
Health Conditions: Use cautiously in patients with liver or kidney dysfunction as metabolism and excretion may be affected.
Interactions
Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), other antidiabetics, alcohol, beta-blockers, and warfarin can increase the hypoglycemic effects.
Food: Alcohol can potentiate the effect of glipizide and worsen hypoglycemia.
Monitoring Parameters
Blood Glucose Levels: Frequent monitoring, especially during initiation of therapy and during periods of dosage adjustments.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): Every 3 to 6 months to assess long-term glycemic control.
Liver and Kidney Function: Regular monitoring due to metabolism and excretion pathways.
Use in Children
Guidelines: Not recommended for use in children due to lack of safety and efficacy data.
Use in Pregnancy
FDA Category: C. Should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Use in Elderly
Considerations: More prone to experiencing hypoglycemia. Lower initial dosages and cautious titration are advised.
Use in Kidney Disease
Adjustments: Dose adjustments may be necessary due to reduced drug clearance.
Use in Liver Disease
Caution: Metabolism of glipizide could be impaired in liver disease, requiring dose adjustments or monitoring.
Patient Counselling Points
Medication Use: Emphasize the importance of taking glipizide 30 minutes before meals and following the prescribed dietary plan.
Side Effects: Teach patients to recognize signs of hypoglycemia and have a source of sugar available at all times.
Lifestyle: Discuss the role of regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy diet in managing diabetes.
Table of Brand Names, Manufacturer, and Prices in USD
Brand Name
Manufacturer
Strength/Dosage Form
Price (USD)
Glucotrol
Pfizer
10 mg Tablet
$0.50
Glucotrol XL
Pfizer
10 mg Extended-Release Tablet
$0.75
15 FAQs with Answers
What is Glipizide used for? – To improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes.
How does Glipizide work? – By stimulating insulin release from the pancreas.
Can Glipizide be taken with other diabetes medications? – Yes, but it must be closely monitored to avoid hypoglycemia.
What are the signs of hypoglycemia? – Symptoms include shaking, sweating, fast heartbeat, dizziness, and hunger.
Is Glipizide safe during pregnancy? – It is FDA Category C. Discuss potential risks and benefits with your doctor.
Can I drink alcohol while taking Glipizide? – Alcohol can increase the risk of hypoglycemia and should be consumed with caution.
How should I take Glipizide? – As prescribed, typically 30 minutes before meals.
What should I do if I miss a dose of Glipizide? – Take it as soon as you remember if it is not close to the time of your next dose.
How often should I monitor my blood sugar? – Frequently, especially when starting therapy or adjusting doses.
Can Glipizide cause weight gain? – It can cause weight gain as a side effect, unlike some other diabetes medications.
What if I experience severe hypoglycemia? – Have a source of fast-acting sugar available and seek medical attention.
Who should not take Glipizide? – People with diabetic ketoacidosis or severe liver or kidney disease.
How long does Glipizide take to work? – It begins to work within 30 minutes to an hour after ingestion.
What are the long-term effects of taking Glipizide? – Monitoring is needed for potential liver or kidney issues.
Can I stop taking Glipizide on my own? – Stopping Glipizide suddenly can cause high blood sugar levels. Consult your doctor before making any changes.